![]() ![]() (It was a running joke that any theory of atomic and molecular spectra could be destroyed by throwing a book of data at it, so complex were the spectra.) Following Einstein’s proposal of photons with quantized energies directly proportional to their wavelengths, it became even more evident that electrons in atoms can exist only in discrete orbits.įigure 2. But, in spite of years of efforts by many great minds, no one had a workable theory. ![]() ![]() (See Figure 2.) Maxwell and others had realized that there must be a connection between the spectrum of an atom and its structure, something like the resonant frequencies of musical instruments. Atomic and molecular emission and absorption spectra have been known for over a century to be discrete (or quantized). (credit: Unknown Author, via Wikimedia Commons) Mysteries of Atomic SpectraĪs noted in Quantization of Energy, the energies of some small systems are quantized. His many contributions to the development of atomic physics and quantum mechanics, his personal influence on many students and colleagues, and his personal integrity, especially in the face of Nazi oppression, earned him a prominent place in history. Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, used the planetary model of the atom to explain the atomic spectrum and size of the hydrogen atom. Bohr’s theory explained the atomic spectrum of hydrogen and established new and broadly applicable principles in quantum mechanics.įigure 1. From their sizes to their spectra, much was known about atoms, but little had been explained in terms of the laws of physics. For decades, many questions had been asked about atomic characteristics. In 1913, after returning to Copenhagen, he began publishing his theory of the simplest atom, hydrogen, based on the planetary model of the atom. Bohr became convinced of its validity and spent part of 1912 at Rutherford’s laboratory. The great Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) made immediate use of Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom. Describe the triumphs and limits of Bohr’s theory.Illustrate energy state using the energy-level diagram.Explain Bohr’s planetary model of the atom.Explain Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom.Describe the mysteries of atomic spectra.By the end of this section, you will be able to: ![]()
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![]() ![]() Everything will become useful and meaningful if you think with creativity. Don’t neglect anything looked unimportant around you. It’s easy to have fun and create your own game with this little wheel. Sometime, you can use this lucky wheel to play a game with friends at your home or club house. * For wedding entertainment, draws at events, bingo, etc. ![]() * Do you like the person you are interested in? What do you like or dislike? * What would you like to do for today's menu and dinner? Put on your usual dishes and play roulette ). * What would you like to eat for lunch today? China, Italy, France? * For drinking games (for drinkers, for party games). You can also use the spinning wheel in the following ways: Once you have deleted all the people in the left column, the rotation will automatically reset or you will have to re-enter a new name or add a new name. If you delete a result, it will be pushed from the left participant column to the right result column. You can choose to delete the results or not to delete the results. We will give you random results.Īfter recording, a result table will appear. Your job is to enter the things you want to select and spin the wheel. The results are calculated by us to ensure that there will be no cheating here. In the Wheel Spinner - Random Picker the result is mathematically calculated and chosen randomly every time you spin the wheel, no matter how hard or easy the wheel was spun. Decide on frequently asked questions such as: What do we eat? Yes or no? Which color would be better? What should I do? Where should I go? For example, choose 1 student in the class. Just type and press enter to add a new wheel. You can add as many wheels as you want by typing in the left column. ![]() You can use this roulette wheel as a random name picker, a random number generator or even as a random dice. Put anything you want on the wheel and make unique raffle pickers, random name pickers to draw names of prize winners, create your own spinner games which are much more fun than just flipping a coin or make unlimited lucky wheels to help you answer such questions as What should I do? Where should I eat? Where should I go? Make your decisions in a fun way! Features of wheel spinner Having a hard time deciding on something? Let us help you decide in a fun way! This website is here to help you! Input your question, create the answers, spin the wheel and see what comes up! ![]() ![]() Without it, the consequences could be disastrous – potentially locking you out of your own digital assets. It is your built-in error check, your final line of defence ensuring that you have accurately recorded and input your seed phrase. The importance of this checksum cannot be overstated. If the output matches the last word you’ve entered, voila – you’ve got access! If not, you’re alerted that something’s wrong, preventing you from potentially locking yourself out of your wallet. When you input your seed phrase, the recovery system will run the same algorithm on the first several words. Now, let’s say you want to recover your wallet using your seed phrase. The output of this algorithm gives us the last word of the seed phrase – the checksum. When a seed phrase is created, an algorithm is run on the first several words of the seed phrase. In other words, it is derived from, and dependent on, all the previous words in your seed phrase. This last word, acting as a checksum, is a way to ensure that the rest of your seed phrase has been accurately recorded. ![]() It plays a specific, calculated role in the security and integrity of your digital wallet. The concept of the checksum also applies to the ‘last word’ in a seed phrase. The Last Word of a Seed Phrase: The Checksum Checksums in this context help ensure that the address you’re sending your precious cryptocurrency to is correct and that no mistakes have been made in the input – a single mistyped character could result in irreversible loss of assets. Now, how does the concept of checksums apply to cryptocurrencies and blockchain? Remember that transactions in the blockchain need to be extremely secure and error-free, given that we’re dealing with valuable digital assets. If the two checksums match, it’s highly likely that the file was not corrupted during transmission. The receiver of the file then re-computes the checksum on their end. Along with that file, you also send a computed checksum. Suppose you send a file over the Internet. Let’s illustrate this with a simple example. In the realm of computer science and data transmission, checksums serve a crucial purpose – they help detect errors that may have been introduced during its storage or transmission. It’s essentially a calculated value that depends on the content of a data set. What is a Checksum?Īt its core, a checksum is a simple mechanism used to check the integrity of data. ![]() This introduction to seed phrases and their composition sets the stage for a deeper understanding of the concept of the ‘checksum,’ the purpose it serves, and the importance of the ‘last word’ in your seed phrase. The first several words are, in a way, your ‘personal key,’ while the last word of your seed phrase, which we’ll be focusing on, serves a very specific and vital function – it acts as a ‘checksum.’ The words appear random to the human eye but are mathematically related and determined by an algorithm. The structure of a seed phrase is designed for maximum security. Simply put, losing your seed phrase can be likened to losing the key to an irrecoverable safe. More importantly, they enable you to recover your wallet in case your device is lost, stolen, or damaged. They allow you to access your wallet and make transactions. Seed phrases play an essential role in securing your digital wallet. These words are not randomly chosen but are generated from a specific list of 2048 words, known as the BIP39 word list. Typically, a seed phrase consists of 12, 18, or 24 words. It acts as a master key to the vault of your digital assets. So what exactly are these seed phrases? In essence, a seed phrase is a list of words that store all the information needed to recover a cryptocurrency wallet. But within this string of seemingly random words, lies an even more cryptic element: the ‘last word’ of the seed phrase, which serves a specific function as the ‘checksum.’ II. And this is where ‘seed phrases’ come into the picture.Ī seed phrase – sometimes referred to as a ‘recovery phrase’ or ‘backup phrase’ – is a crucial piece of information used to secure these digital wallets. Unlike traditional money, which can be stored in physical wallets, bank accounts, or under a mattress, cryptocurrencies require a different kind of ‘wallet’ – a digital one. While the potential of cryptocurrencies is significant, their use and storage come with unique challenges. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and a multitude of others now populate this crypto-universe, with their decentralized control distinguishing them from traditional fiat currencies. ![]() At the heart of this transformation are cryptocurrencies – digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. IntroductionĪ wave of digital transformation has been sweeping across the globe and the world of finance hasn’t been immune. Deciphering the Last Word of a Seed Phrase: Understanding the Checksum I. ![]() ![]() ![]() Nevertheless, significant amounts of this toxic compound are released into the environment by industrial processes. Styrene is an aromatic compound which occurs naturally in plants, fruits or nuts ( Shirai and Hisatsuka, 1979 Warhurst and Fewson, 1994). Finally, additional enzymes with similar activities toward styrene and its metabolic intermediates are shown in order to modify the cascade described above or to use these enzyme independently for biotechnological application. Thus, the substrates spectrum can be enhanced and additional products as phenylethanols or phenylethylamines are reachable. Altered routes combining these putative biocatalysts with other enzymes are additionally described. Furthermore, the potential of the single enzyme reactions as well as the respective multi-step syntheses using the complete enzyme cascade are discussed in order to gain styrene oxides, phenylacetaldehydes, or phenylacetic acids (e.g., ibuprofen). This review provides an actual view on the microbiological styrene degradation followed by a detailed discussion on the enzymes of the side-chain oxygenation. ![]() Furthermore, stereochemical transformations are possible, offering chiral products at high enantiomeric excess. Based on the enzymatic steps involved in this degradation route, important reactions can be realized from a large number of substrates which gain access to different interesting precursors for further applications. This specific way harbors a high potential for biotechnological use. It comprises the following enzymes: styrene monooxygenase (SMO NADH-consuming and FAD-dependent, two-component system), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI cofactor independent, membrane-bound protein) and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD NAD +-consuming) and allows an intrinsic cofactor regeneration. One pathway designated as side-chain oxygenation has been reported as a specific route for the styrene degradation among microorganisms. The natural occurrence of styrene led to several microbiological strategies to form and also to degrade styrene. But, it is also produced from plants and microorganisms. Styrene is one of the most produced and processed chemicals worldwide and is released into the environment during widespread processing. 2Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.1Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany.Michel Oelschlägel 1* Juliane Zimmerling 1 Dirk Tischler 1,2* ![]() ![]() Bohr incorporated Planck’s and Einstein’s quantization ideas into a model of the hydrogen atom that resolved the paradox of atom stability and discrete spectra. Understanding Bohr's model requires some knowledge of electromagnetic radiation (or light).īohr's key idea in his model of the atom is that electrons occupy definite orbitals that require the electron to have a specific amount of energy. This page titled 4.2: The Bohr Model is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax. In 1913, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model of the electron cloud of an atom in which electrons orbit the nucleus and were able to produce atomic spectra. These difficulties cast a shadow on the planetary model and indicated that, eventually, it would have to be replaced. Furthermore, Rutherford's model was unable to describe how electrons give off light forming each element's unique atomic spectrum. If the electron circling the nucleus in an atom loses energy, it would necessarily have to move closer to the nucleus as it loses energy, and would eventually crash into the nucleus. The electron’s speed is largest in the first Bohr orbit, for n 1, which is the orbit closest to the nucleus. ![]() ![]() This is, after all, how we produce TV signals. The Bohr model or Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom is a cake or planetary model that describes the structure of atoms mainly in terms of quantum theory. It was already known that when a charged particle (such as an electron) moves in a curved path, it gives off some form of light and loses energy in doing so. ![]() Unfortunately, there was a serious flaw in the planetary model. \): Niels Bohr with Albert Einstein at Paul Ehrenfest's home in Leiden (December 1925). ![]() ![]() ![]() You acquire 5000 likes in 3 seconds without having to do anything manually.Īnd because Instagram profiles with more followers are suggested to other people, other people will be able to visit your profile since you will be in their recommendation tabs due to your growing number of followers. You might be wondering how neutrino mod Apk will help you gain more followers. Related to Social: Tinder GOLD APK How does it work? Apk for Neutrino+ You will appear at the top of the search query if you have more followers and likes, and more people will find you, and you will most likely follow them. 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![]() Buffett, who seemed excited to be having her along on his tour. Jones was invited back onstage several times during the show by Mr. Buffett, whose music career began in the late 60’s in Nashville, tore right into the evening offering up “Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes” much to the crowds’ delight. Very talented and in-tune with the vibe in the arena, highlights from her set included “Worth the Wait” and “Tough Guys.”Īfter a brief intermission, the headliners took the stage to a loud applause and excitement that would shred away the thoughts of the cold outside. Beyond writing the songs for her new release, Caroline also co-produced it as well as played all of the instruments on the album except for bass and drums. Playing a compact set, she managed to jam on an electric banjo, acoustic, and electric guitar switching instruments for each song. Jones was quite expressive and musically involved with her portion of the show. Supporting the release of her new album Bare Feet, Ms. Opening the show and introduced by Jimmy was singer/songwriter Caroline Jones. ![]() ![]() He was presented this award for his support of the men and women of the Navy over the years. Naval Academy where Jimmy was honored with receiving the Navy’s Superior Public Service Award. Playing the Royal Farms Arena after spending the previous day in Annapolis, MD at the U.S. Why would people be walking around downtown Baltimore on a chilly Friday evening wearing coconut bras, cheeseburgers, and parrots on their heads like hats? Simple… Jimmy Buffett and the Coral Reefer Band are in town. Jimmy Buffett opens his spring I Don’t Know Tour in Maryland playing back to back nights in Annapolis and Baltimore. ![]() ![]() For cross-border payments, a business must adopt some other form of payment and there are many electronic options available. The ACH network does not include foreign financial institutions. The first requirement is for the payee to have a bank account in the U.S. The ACH system may be one payment option among many your business can use to submit bill payments such as utility bills, rent payments, invoices, and credit card payments. Is ACH Credit or ACH Debit Right for Your Business? ![]() But again, it’s not always possible to avoid these fees because at the end of the day, they cover the costs of ensuring funds are transported securely through the ACH network.
![]() ![]() Comments on what it takes to run a “high-quality” program and the importance of parent involvment. The innovation of the Center Training Assistant (CTA) program. On the lack of diversity in early learning leadership. The reading instruction controversy in Head Start. Comparing school bussing policies from the 70s to voucher policies in effect today. Herndon’s role in the Black United Front to end school bussing policies in the 70s and 80s. Displacement of black people from the Albina neighborhood alongside displacement of black children from black schools. Gentrification versus discriminatory policies such as redlining. Disruption of the black community in Portland and the origins of redlining and housing discrimination. History of the Albina neighborhood in Portland. The origins of Albina Head Start and Ron’s recruitment by Head Start parents. Herndon also provides his commentary on the history of education in the country, what is lacking for low-income children, the importance of teacher training and family empowerment, and ideas for changing the lives of children with a commitment to their well-being and success. In this interview, we discuss the history of Albina Head Start, racial discrimination and segregation in Portland, and the history of state and federal policy that systematically isolated and suppressed Portland’s African-American community - actions that still have lasting impact today. And he has recently pioneered a Mandarin language program, the first of its kind for a Head Start program in the US. Today, his Head Start and Early Head Start programs serve more than 1,000 children in 33 classrooms at 25 locations in North, Northeast, and Southeast Portland. ![]() Having served as chairman of the board for the National Head Start Association for 20 years, from 1993 to 2013, Herndon offers a unique historical perspective on early childhood in Portland and nationally. He has been the director of the Portland-based Albina Head Start since 1975, and his background includes more than four decades of advocacy efforts on behalf of low-income families and young children, and Portland’s black community. Their staff is key to quality services that they provide to Portland neighborhoods.We invite you to spend an hour listening to our interview with Ron Herndon, a long-time community leader and activist in Portland and nationally. They prioritize hiring from the communities that they serve and are committed to strengthening staff skills and encouraging their professional development. Albina Early Head Start continually focuses on developing highly trained and caring staff. Albina Early Head Start has been empowering children and families since 1965. Hours of operation are from 7:00 am -4:30 pm, Monday through Friday.Īlbina Early Head Start is a non-profit agency in Portland, Oregon that provides Early Head Start and Head Start services to children and families. Albina Early Head Start Child Care Centers operate through the year aligned to the Portland Public School district's calendar. Teen Parent students that utilize child care are able to remove the barrier to attendance, and have the opportunity to participate in after-school tutoring. Teen Parent Child Care Centers care for infants and toddlers from ages 6 weeks to 3 years of age. Child Care Centers are located at Franklin, McDaniel, Grant, Roosevelt, Lincoln and Benson at Marshall Campus High Schools. PPS Teen Parent Services Program in Partnership with Albina Early Head StartĪlbina Early Head Start provides onsite childcare for Portland Public Schools teen parent students.
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